segunda-feira, 14 de abril de 2014

Anticoncepcionais orais e seus riscos

Estima-se que mundo todo 200 milhões de mulheres já tomaram pílula desde que ela foi introduzida na prática médica, há 50 anos.

Quem toma pílula anticoncepcional não imagina que haja contraindicações para o uso, como no caso de hipertensão, tabagismo, obesidade e diabetes. Isso porque fatores como pressão alta, cigarro, excesso de peso ou até viagens constantes de avião podem favorecer o aparecimento de trombose nas pernas, embolia pulmonar, infarto ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). O risco nesses grupos é até quatro vezes maiores que em mulheres normais. E, após a menopausa, as chances aumentam ainda mais.

Pílula (Foto: Arte/G1)


Com o comprimido, há uma vasoconstrição e o processo de coagulação se acelera, o que pode levar à interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo e à formação de coágulos nos vasos do corpo feminino.

Mulheres obesas, com varizes ou que tenham diabetes também precisam ter cuidado com a pílula e considerar a ideia de optar por outros métodos anticoncepcionais.

Da mesma forma, quem viaja muito de avião, por horas prolongadas, precisa se cuidar. A pressão causada pela altura se reflete nos vasos sanguíneos, que ficam contraídos por mais tempo e têm mais chance de formar tromboses ou coágulos em outras regiões do corpo.
Pílula x cigarro

Não é difícil encontrar mulheres que fumam e tomam pílula ao mesmo tempo. Assumir o risco significa que um dia uma complicação pode acontecer. E a maioria não sabe dessa combinação explosiva. Segundo o ginecologista José Bento, os seis primeiros meses de uso concomitante são os mais perigosos. Depois de anos, a probabilidade de uma doença vascular diminui.




Composição da pílula

Anticoncepcionais contêm em geral dois hormônios sintéticos, o estrogênio e o progestogênio, semelhantes aos produzidos pelo ovário da mulher.

Pílulas com menos de 0,03 mg de estrogênio são consideradas de baixa dosagem e devem ser sempre a primeira opção considerada, pois têm melhor tolerância, alta eficácia e baixo custo. As minipílulas são as que contêm apenas progesterona e são recomendadas para mães em fase de amamentação. Esse tipo, porém, pode favorecer a diabetes tipo 2, segundo estudos.

Os comprimidos que combinam hormônios atuam basicamente por meio da inibição da ovulação, além de provocar alterações nas características do endométrio e do muco cervical. É um método muito eficaz quando usado corretamente.

Alguns anticoncepcionais também combatem a cólica, tensão pré-menstrual (TPM), dor nas mamas, câncer do endométrio, cistos e câncer de ovário – que atinge duas em cem mulheres –, acne e excesso de pelos. Por isso, costuma ser um bom modo para tratar ovários policísticos.

Recentemente, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) fez um alerta sobre maior risco de trombose em pacientes que usam anticoncepcionais à base da substância drospirenona. Os EUA fizeram o mesmo alerta na semana passada.



7 comentários:

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